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Student’s Name Instructor Date Witchcraft in Europe in the Middle Ages The issue of witchcrafts dates many centuries ago with several associated controversies and acknowledgment during its earlier existence and significantly more during a later period. Witchcraft became increasingly recognized during the Middle Ages, a period characterized by immense witch-related crimes and consequential hunts and prosecution of perpetrators or suspected witches. Europe is a leading part of the world where beliefs in and practices of witchcraft was extensive, in particular during the medieval period in history. A majority of culprits of practitioners of witchcraft were presumed to be women, both in historical times and also in the modern world where the practice is believed, though not as much as earlier times, to exist. This paper reviews various journals done by other researchers concerning witchcraft and attempts to identify some factors concerning the issue and how the journal authors present their works. 1. Gender or Women Oster efforts to determine the relationship between witchcraft and the possible effects it had on the development of economy and climate in different periods in Renaissance, Europe. Oster’s work is more inclined into believing that women were the greatest performers of this practice than any other gender. More specifically, Oster points out how women engaged in witchcraft operations tended to be poor or widowed (215). In fact, the entire journal does not identify other genders as witches but instead males, either religious leaders or law enforcers were males. Barstow’s work is more about sex and in this case, the female gender as the culprits for
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