Sales And Pharmaceutical Products Review

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Sales and pharmaceutical products review

Introduction

Coronado literature review, J., Jiménez-Martín, s., Marín, pl. An empirical analysis of multimergated contact theory in pharmaceutical markets. The European Journal of Health Economics, 623-643. In this document, the authors will seek if companies will reduce prices optimally in markets where collusory prices are sustainable and price regulations that aim to limit will affect markets that are not subject to these regulations. This can be demonstrated by seeing the rival of multimergated contact between competing companies. They use Panel Data of the IMS Midas International Data (1999-2003) in nine OECD countries (EE. UU., Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, Netherlands, France, Italy, Japan and Spain).

For various products from pharmaceutical markets. These methods are classified according to their chemical, therapeutic and pharmacological characteristics using the standard classification of anatomical therapeutic chemistry or ATC. They compare the qualified countries according to how rigorous are the price restrictions imposed by regulatory agencies. Use an estimator within the group (WG) and due to the short period of time of which you have data (5 years) and the few ATC (12) groups without implying critical dimensionality problems. Use the Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI) index variable to measure collusion ease.

Developing

Adopting the result of the most dynamic oligopoly models according to the highest concentration of the market, more collusory is the production of price games in repeated interactions . In addition, 1 take the United States as an unregulated reference point where the redistribution effect can be proven. They will find that prices will increase by increasing multimergated contact and in case companies cannot monopolize the market or industry can reduce prices in collusory markets and keep higher prices in competitive markets. They expect companies to redistribute market power.

Being unregulated American markets that present this redistribution effect. Canadian markets, regulated softly, show a stronger redistribution effect. In the EU and Japan markets that have a medium or strong regulation, multimergated contact cannot explain prices. Ellison, SF, Wolfram, C. Coordinating lower prices: pharmaceutical prices under political pressure. The Rand Journal of Economics. The objective is to investigate the effects of political activity on pharmaceutical prices, focusing on the period of reform of medical care to the early 1990s. 

Use two monthly data sets, one is the prices of the 106 best -selling medications in the US. UU. In early 1990, the other is a set of all prescription antibiotics that were sold between 1990-1996. While the former has the average pricing to the highest (AWP), the second contains income and sales information. To estimate the sensitivity to political change, they are based on the theoretical model of Glazer and McMillan and modify two measures to the company level of the expected costs of future regulation (a weighted average income from the remaining time of the patents of a company.

The percentage of the income of a company derived from sales to older people). Characterize companies based on their restriction to future price regulation and discover the most vulnerable were more likely to take various measures to prevent regulation, especially coordinate a specific percentage price increase during 1993. They would find evidence that in this period the pharmaceutical companies colluded at a specific price, perceived that taking expensive measures on their own was preferable to a probable government intervention. Discover that by adding variables that measure political sensitivity prices increase faster. 

Since moderating price increases could have avoided regulation, coordination seems to be the industry’s response to a collective action problem.  Granlund, d., Bergman, ma. Price competition in pharmaceutical products: evidence of 1303 Swedish markets. Health Economics Magazine. The main objective of this article is to analyze, in the short and long term, how the number of companies in the market affects the prices of pharmaceutical products and so quickly adjust these prices to the new balance in an environment with well -selected markets andFew competitive actions that have to do with prices. 

The authors use a dynamic model with monthly data, establishing as a rule that companies present their prices 2 months in advance to identify the causal effects of the number of companies, this with the intention of solving the simultaneity problem. IMS Sweden data is used, which covers all generic products with recipe sold in the Swedish reimbursement system in Swedish pharmacies from January 2006 to June 2012. The data set has a total of 168 188 real prices observations and total national sales. In the context of the study we find a financed benefits plan.

For the government which covers 75% of the cost of medications with recipe for Swedes and on the sidelines, patients with high costs do not pay anything. Pharmaceutical companies are free to establish their own prices, but to belong to the pharmaceutical benefits scheme, the price must be approved by ‘the dental and pharmaceutical benefits agency’ (DPBA) (DPBA. Panel data is used to be able to control the invariable differences in time in demand and costs between products, in addition to being able to control the specific fixed effects of time. 

The main results of the study that show the prices of generic medicines can reach 81%, while laboratory medications do so by 29% in response to an increase (from 1 to 10) in the number of companies that sell medicationsgeneric. The results also include the effect of additional competitors is large even when the number of companies in the market is quite large. 3 Marshall, RC, Marx, LM, Raiff, Me. Part price ads: the vitamin industry. International Magazine of Industrial Organization.

The authors study the main vitamin manufacturers, who admitted to having had international participation agreements in the market during several years during the 1990s during the 1990s. The review is based on prices increases announced, which appeared in the main commercial magazines. He obtains data from Feedstuffs and Chemical Marketing Reporter from 1970 to 2001, which allows them to build a complete set of public prices ads used by vitamin manufacturers in the United States during this period of time. 

They show that pricing ads during the poster period, and waiting times before these prices have effect, were fundamentally different from price ads when explicit collusion was less likely. Use a logit model and consider non -collusory prices, which allows themAn explicit poster. The results that had to happen after 1985.

The probability of a dependent price advertise. Goldman, DP, Joyce, GF, Escarce, JJ, Pace, JE, SOLOMON, MD, LAOURI, M., Teutsch, SM. Pharmacy benefits and drug use by chronic patients. Jama. The objective of this study is to analyze how changes in benefits design between privately secured populations affect the use of more used medication classes. A set of medical and pharmacy claims data is used from 1997 to 2000 for 30 large doctors from the USA.UU. 

That covered 528 969 continuously registered beneficiaries for up to 4 years (n = 960 791 years-person). These claims data are merged with data on the benefits of health insurance for each individual covered. These data were 52 health plans (n = 102 years of the plan). The author uses a 2 -part model to model the probability that beneficiaries use any medication in a therapeutic class, as well as their expenses, probability of having completed at least 1 recipe in that class. Use Probit to estimate the 4 probability that an affected member at least 1 pharmacy claim in class. 

The second part of the model used a generalized linear model to estimate medication spending among members who were users. The results of the specific study that the rapid changes in the benefits of medicines transfer a greater load of the pharmacy costs to the beneficiaries. The beneficiaries reacted by decreasing the use of medicines, but this frequently affects among the best -selling therapeutic classes, these are sensitive to changes in co -payment, but, when attention is restricted to subgroups with chronic identifiable diseases.

The reduction in the use of medications is less Kaiser, u., Mendez, SJ, Rønde, T., Ullrich, h. (2014). Pharmaceutical price regulation: evidence of a reference price reform in Denmark. Health Economics Magazine, 36, 174-187. The study focuses on reference price systems for prescription medications, these methods of containment of affected costs, under these regimes, patients pay a fraction of the difference between the sale price of the pharmacy and the reference priceestablished by the government. Use biweekly price and statin sales data for the period between February 2003 and June 2006 of the Danish Ministry of Health. 

Study medications are vertical and horizontally differentiated products. In the model, they have the vertical differentiation by including names of brands of products and sizes of packages as observable characteristics and the presence of an idiosyncratic error term that allows horizontal differentiation. The authors are oriented in the reference prices, which are determined externally (according to the prices of medicines in other countries) or internally (according to internal drug prices). They also study the application of price theory in the effects of a change in external reference prices in Denmark in 2005. 

They will find that the reform led to substantial reductions in retail prices, reference prices and patient copagings, as well as considerable reductions in the general income and producer’s health and expenses for this. Finally, it concludes that the reform induced consumers to replace brand medications with specific strong estimates. 5 Berndt, ER (2002). Pharmaceutical products in health care in the United States: determinants of quantity and price of economic perspectives, 16 (4), 45-66. In this study, the different short cost perspectives are mentioned.

And long term that help understand why the pharmaceutical industry is especially vulnerable to public policies that involve prices, mentions economic power behind this quantitative growth of new pharmaceutical products benefit coverage and the best marketing efforts such as marketing directorto the consumer. The existence of substitute goods in terms of medicines marks the representation of an oligopolistic market of differentiated product. They will find that R&D costs are an important choice that has implication in pricing.

Because the variables are affected by a variety of long -term expectations, including expectations about the future prices and marketing environment. In the context of short -term price decisions, fixed or sunk costs of R&D are irrelevant, in the long term R&D costs are variable. They argue that the traditional microeconomic concepts of short, medium and long -term costs are fundamental to understand the underlying economy in the variations observed in the prices and amounts of pharmaceutical products in space and time.

Sustainability of the poster in retail markets: evidence of a health services sector. International Industrial Organization Magazine, 49, 36-58. This study states that the pharmaceutical market is regularly accused by the application of posters and although similar pharmaceutical products of the same range, that is, similar products such as gasoline, there is great heterogeneity between them. This document is focused on a failed retail poster in the health sector and analyzes the importance of costs, asymmetries and product differentiation in the sustainability of the poster. 

conclusion

For the analysis process Collect data from a failed vaccine poster against the complaint in Japan. Empelate two models, the first is a simple probit model that indicates that medical suppliers are more likely to condition a sign when the costs are symmetrical and the supplier’s own costs are high. The role of product differentiation in the stability of the poster was evaluated by modifying a structural model and the realization of an experimental experimental contrast in the effect of cost asymmetry and the product. 

The affected authors, with the application of the previous models, the firm heterogeneity, the collusion, that is, the sustainability of the poster, due to the differentiation of products and asymmetry in costs. There is no poster price that can satisfy all suppliers operating in multiple geographical markets. The counterfactual experiment indicates that if the suppliers are identical in the sense of having the same marginal cost and offering similar products, the failed poster could be sustained even with the original price of the poster.

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