Presentation of Ovar Cancer
Introduction
50 -year -old woman who has epithelial cancer in the left ovary in stage IIia, which means the invasion of the disease in the right ovary, the fallopian tubes and the uterus.
Developing
Ovarian cancer
It is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries, the female reproductive organs that produce the ovules. Ovary cancer is often detected when this has already expanded to the pelvis and the abdomen. In this late stage, it is more difficult to treat ovary cancer. Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer among women.
Causes more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system. The risk of ovarian cancer increases with age and mainly after menopause. The vast majority of cases are diagnosed above 45 years, being the average diagnosis of 61-63 years.
At first, ovarian cancer extends through the peritoneal fluid to the peritoneal cavity, mainly to the epiplón. As a result of this peritoneal dissemination, ascites appears. If the disease continues to progress, it affects lymph nodes and the lymphatic system extends to the kidney and the rest of the organism. In 2-3% of cases, dissemination is hematogenous and the affected organs are fundamentally the liver and lung.
Ovarian cancer types:
The type of cell in which cancer originates determines the type of ovarian cancer. The types of ovarian cancer are:
- Epithelial tumors, which originate in the thin layer of tissue that covers the outside of the ovaries (epithelium celó myco). Approximately 90 percent of ovarian cancer types are epithelial tumors. Some examples of this type are serous tumors or endometry.
- Stromal tumors, which originate in the ovarian tissue that contains cells that produce hormones. These tumors are usually diagnosed in a stage earlier than other ovarian tumors. About 7 percent of ovarian tumors are stromal. They are stromal tumors, teak tumors, generally benign and estrogen producers and androgens;o Those of the granulosa, estrogen producers causing cases of early puberty or endometrial hyperplasia.
- Germinative cell tumors, which originate in ovules producing cells. These rare types of cancer tend to occur in younger women. The most frequent is benign cystic teratoma.
Causes
It is not known with certainty what causes ovarian cancer, but doctors have identified factors that can increase the risk of disease. In general, cancer begins when a cell presents errors (mutations) in DNA. Mutations order the cells that grow and multiply fast, which creates a mass (tumor) of abnormal cells. Abnormal cells continue to live when other healthy cells die. They can invade nearby tissues and get rid of an initial tumor to spread other parts of the body (metastasis).
RISK FACTOR’S
The factors that can increase the risk of ovarian cancer are the following:
- Advanced age. Ovary cancer may appear at any age, but it is more frequent in women 50 to 60 years.
- Hereditary genetic mutations. A small percentage of ovarian cancer types is due to a genetic mutation that your parents inherit. The genes that are known to increase the risk of ovarian cancer are called "breast cancer gene 1" (BRC1) and "breast cancer gene 2" (BRCA2). These genes also increase the risk of breast cancer. It is known that other genetic mutations, such as those associated with Lynch syndrome, increase the risk of ovar cancer.
- Family history of ovarian cancer.
- Hormonal replacement therapy with estrogen, especially if its use is long -term and in large doses.
- The beginning of menstruation at an early age or the beginning of menopause at a late age, or both cases, can increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
The ovaries
The female reproductive system is contained in the pelvic cavity and in the perineum. (During pregnancy, the uterus expands towards the abdomen). It is composed of two ovaries, one on each side;The uterus, the vagina and the clitoris, located in the midline. In addition, there are two accessory glands (major vestibular glands) associated with the reproductive system.
Female reproductive system.
The ovaries develop in the upper part of the posterior abdominal wall;Before birth, they descend, taking their glasses, lymphatic ducts and nerves with them. They stop on the side wall of the pelvic cavity, where they adopt their position;Unlike the glasses, nerves and ducts that migrate through the inguinal duct to the perineum.
The ovaries are adjacent to the lateral wall of the pelvis, under the upper strait. Each ovary measures about 3 cm long, has an almond shape and is suspended by a Meso (Mesoovario), which comes from the posterior face of the wide ligament of the uterus. They store female germ cells and produce female hormones (progesterone and estrogen).
The ovules are produced in the ovaries (ovogenesis). Mature ovules are ovulated (the ovarian follicle breaks and releases the oocyte towards the peritoneal cavity) and are usually directed to adjacent openings of the uterine tubes by the cilia located at the ends of the tubes. The total number of ovules of a woman is present at her birth. Upon reaching puberty and even menopause, it is ovulates once a month.
conclusion
The ovary contains small structures, ovarian follicles. Each follicle contains an oocyte (immature ovule). The follicles are stimulated every month by two hormones (FSH and LH) and their maturation begins. Developing follicles are locked in follicular cell layers;Mature follicles are called Graaf follicles and produce estrogens, stimulating endometrium growth.
Once a month, an ovule reaches the maturity necessary for ovulation and leaves the follicle. The broken follicle becomes a new structure: the luteum body (the remains of a mature follicle). The luteum body produces estrogen and progesterone to support the endometrium until the beginning of the new cycle. The luteum body gradually disintegrates, leaves a scar outside the ovary (corpus albicans). The external ovary is wrapped in a fibrous capsule called albugineal tunic, composed of cubaidal epithelium.
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