Ancient Age and the Roman Empire
Introduction
It is known as ancient age to the period that begins with the appearance of the first civilizations in the world. This stage reaches from the appearance of writing to the fall of the Roman Empire of the West in the year 476 D.C.
Some of the most important civilizations that are included within the old age are Egypt, Greece, Rome, Mesopotamia, China, Persians, Hebrews ..
The main characteristics of this period are among others, the appearance and evolution of urban life, creation of laws, cultural and artistic development, appearance of polytheistic religions, war events between peoples, etc.
As for the Bocm Primary Education curriculum within the subject of Social Sciences in the History section, reference is made at point of the 4th grade of primary school to the Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians.
The Phoenicians (S. IX a.C.) They founded different colonies on the Peninsula highlighting those of Cádiz (Gadir) and Malaga (Malaca) where they dedicated most of their time to trade with iron, alphabetical writing and the potter’s lathe.
The Greeks (S. VI a. C.) They founded their colonies in Marseille (Massalia), among which Emporion (Ampurias) and Rhode (Rosas) stand out (Rosas). They highlighted in art, language and industry, which was based on the cultivation of vine and olive tree), thus the kitchen was based on four ingredients, wine, olive oil, wheat and garlic.
Without a doubt the most outstanding arts left in the Peninsula are theater, poetry and philosophy.
The Carthaginians (S. VI a.C.), highlights the government of Aníbal, which assumed the government of the Carthaginian bases in Iberia, increasing and consolidating territorial profits. In the First Punic War the Cartaginenses were defeated and Aníbal incorporated agile tactical units from the Romans.
Sagunto’s conflict took place in 219 to.C. And it was a struggle between the Carthaginians and the Saguntinos. This war is known for being the trigger for the Second Punic War.
Developing
The passage of the old age to the Middle Ages is considered to the changes that arose in the economy, in society, in politics and in ideology and culture. The Middle Ages is usually located by historians between two events of the utmost importance, begins with the fall of the Roman Empire of the West (476) and ends with the fall the Roman Empire of the East (1453). Politically it is a moment of decentralization of power, in which kings are little more than great lords and have very little effective power.
Visigoths: they changed their language, their laws and their religion, adapting these to Hispanorroman civilizations. The governor of the province is the Dux that was appointed by the king, were in the Iberian Peninsula until 711, the year in which Muslims invaded them. In the goldsmiths, the manufacture of jewelry with metals and precious stones of brooches, crucifixes and votive crowns that hung on the altars of their temples stands out.
Muslim invasion: It occurs in 711 where the Visigoth king is overthrown by Muslims in the battle of Guadalete. We know Al-Andalus as the territory of the Iberian Peninsula that was dominated by Muslims, whose religion is Islam and lasted until the end of the 15th.
This territory was divided into what we call the kingdoms of Taifas. Due to the continuous clashes between them, the Christian kings extend south. He defeated Muslims in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, except for the kingdom of Granada.
The Crown of Castile is formed in the S. XIII and the Crown of Aragon joining the Catalan counties and these were responsible for conquering some territories of Al-Ándalus, joining the crown of Castile and Aragon in the fight against Muslims, until dominating them in 1492 completely in the peninsula.
Culture: Traditionally, it has been considered that the Middle Ages was a culturally dark era that developed between the two moments of great advances for human culture that are considered to be the Roman civilization and the era of the Renaissance. However, despite this myth of being a barbaric, violent era and where culture was something eminently residual, the Middle Ages was a time when great advances were made in the field of culture, which have been overshadowed by the greatsuccesses harvested by the periods among which is located.
In the twentieth century the Middle Ages is recognized for its discoveries and transformation of the environment, in addition to being the source of our mixture of old values with the Germanic peoples, it was in the Middle Ages when cities, nations, states, universities, universities were createdfactories, machines and even revolutions.
MODERN AGE
As for science and culture:
The Renaissance arises in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, it is a return to the classical culture of Greece and Rome.
As for painting and sculpture it was very realistic and the architecture very loaded.
In the cultural movement the freedom of people defends in addition to the use of reason and scientific knowledge.
At the beginning of the 15th century, the Peninsula was occupied by the kingdoms of Castilla, Aragon, Portugal, Navarra (Christians) and Granada (Portugal) the Catholic Monarchs, Isabel de Castilla and Fernando de Aragón, unify the Peninsula with the taking of Granada (1492). During his reign, the Canary Islands are also conquered and the city of Melilla (1497) is founded.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America embarked on the Santa Maria and La Pinta and La Niña. It dies in 1506 in Valladolid, leaving the discovery of a new world that brings commerce and industry and the peninsula such as gold, silver, fruit and food never seen.
Century XVI
This is the century in the Spanish Empire, it becomes the most important in the world. Two are the reigns that occupy it. Carlos I and Felipe II.
Carlos I (1517-1556) was born in Gante (Belgium, formerly known as the Netherlands) was the grandson of the Catholic Monarchs and with him the dynasty of the Austrias begins and the conquest of America ends in addition to sponsoring trips such as the first round ofworld of Juan Sebastián el Cano and Magallanes.
Felipe II (1556-1598): Perhaps the most powerful king in history. Son of Carlos I. He was a great defender of Catholicism and under his reign he finished expanding the Spanish domain in Europe and America and dominated the Turks in the famous battle of Lepanto but almost ruins the country using all the gold and American silver to pay for the great wars.
XVII century
Spain begins a period of crisis and decline due to: the descent of the population (which emigrates to America, the epidemics, the expulsion of the Moorish) and the decrease of commercial activity (they begin to scarce gold and silver). However, in this century, the most impressive artists that the history of Spain in the known as the Golden Age arise.
In Literature, Lope de Vega, Miguel de Cervantes (who also participated in Battle of Lepanto), Calderón de la Barca and Lope de Vega. In architecture, large palaces and churches. Juan de Herrera and in Painting: Velázquez, Zurbarán, Murillo and Ribera.
S. XVIII
Felipe III, Fernando VI, Carlos III and Carlos IV reigned in Spain, from 1700 to 1808.
Thus began the war for the crown of Spain (succession call). The defenders of Felipe win and he becomes king under the name of Felipe III and with him begins the dynasty of the Bourbons.
The reforms
– Agriculture improves its production. More lands and new crops are cultivated such as corn and potatoes arriving from America.
– Many industries are developed: fabrics, porcelain, glass, in addition to small industries of manufactured products (handmade) and creation of companies that negotiate and trade with America.
conclusion
It is a cultural, scientific and political movement that arises in France and that thanks to the encyclopedia, expands through the rest of Europe. In it the first democratic ideas are disseminated and makes reason and scientific development to the ideas that until then existed at the time prevail. In Spain, it was Carlos III (also known as the best mayor of Madrid), who most carried out these ideas.
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